The Small Intestine Adjusts its Size Depending on Nutritional Intake
One of the most striking examples of gut plasticity can be seen in animals that are subjected to prolonged periods of fasting, such as hibernating…
Biology
Hydrogen Leak Testing
Hydrogen leak testing is a critical method for detecting and measuring leaks in systems or equipment that handle hydrogen gas. It is the standard method…
The Eyes have it in Combating Brain Infections
The eyes have been referred to as “the window to the brain.” Yale researchers discovered that they also act as an immunological barrier, protecting the…
Shiga Toxins
Shiga toxins are a series of similar toxins divided into two primary families, Stx1 and Stx2, which are expressed by genes thought to be found…
Ribosomes – Molecular Wedge helps Recycling
Ribosomes are complex molecular machineries found in all cells that catalyze protein synthesis. They help to translate messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins by combining transfer…
Bacterial Phyla
Bacterial phyla are broad categories of bacteria based on genetic similarity and evolutionary history. It is one of the most important lineages in the Bacteria…
Biomagnification
Biomagnification, also known as bioamplification or biological magnification, refers to the increase in the concentration of a substance, such as a pesticide, in the tissues…
Double Problem at the Chromosomal Ends
Scientists Jim Watson and Alexey Olovnikov independently discovered a flaw in the way human DNA is duplicated half a century ago. The end-replication problem is…
Microbial Toxins – produced by microorganisms
Microbial toxins are those produced by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, dinoflagellates, and viruses. These are compounds produced by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungus,…
Cyanobacteria – a phylum
Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanobacteriota, are a phylum of autotrophic gram-negative bacteria that can generate biological energy through photosynthesis. These are photosynthetic bacteria that are…
When and How Immune Cells choose to create Pathogen Memories
Unexpected insights have emerged on how and when particular infection-killing white blood cells select to create memory about their interactions with a virus. For decades,…
Engineering Viruses to Eliminate Lethal Infections
Antimicrobial resistance is a critical and developing global issue. Researchers are looking into phages, viruses that infect bacteria, as a potential cure. In a recent…
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