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The continental crust is the layer of Earth’s crust that makes up the continents. The geological continents and the shallow seafloor at their shores, known…

Diaphragm valves (or membrane valves) are made up of a valve body with two or more ports, a flexible diaphragm, and a “weir or saddle”…

According to models, summer rainfall in southern Europe might plummet by up to 48% by 2100 if greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise at their…

In electrical and electronics engineering, wetting current is the minimal electric current required to break through the surface layer resistance of a contact. It is…

Cathodic modification refers to improvements or alterations made to a metal structure’s cathodic protection system in order to increase its efficacy in preventing corrosion. It…

Anodic protection (AP), also known as anodic control, is a technique for preventing corrosion on a metal surface by using it as the anode of…

Electromagnetic induction is the process of creating an electromotive force (emf) across an electrical conductor in the presence of a changing magnetic field. Michael Faraday…

An electromagnet is a type of magnet whose magnetic field is generated by an electric current. Unlike permanent magnets, which produce a constant magnetic field,…

A flyback diode, also known as a freewheeling diode or snubber diode, is a diode used in electrical circuits to provide a channel for current…

A flyback converter is a switched-mode power supply (SMPS) circuit that effectively converts a DC input voltage to a different DC output value. It is…

Oceanic crust is the outermost layer of Earth’s lithosphere that sits underneath the ocean basins. It is the top layer of the oceanic part of…

A hydrogen valve is a type of valve that is used to store hydrogen at extremely low temperatures or high pressures, such as in hydrogen…